意义混合与名称混合——《智者》中“εiναι”及其衍生词的用法

Meaning-fusion and Name-fusion The Usage of“εiναι”and Its Derivatives in Sophist

在《智者》中,柏拉图对“εiναι”及其衍生词的特殊使用为读者设置了阅读障碍。困难主要来自这些语词的意义混合与名称混合。“εiναι”的意义混合了“是—存在—真”三者,有肯定和否定两组形式。肯定形式“εiναι”混有“就其自身本质是—存在—真”和“就关联它物是—存在—真”,否定形式“μηεiναι”混有“就其自身本质不是—不存在—假”和“就关联它物不是—不存在—假”。名称混合是指同一个语词既作专有名称又作描述名称。“εiναι”和“εiναι”既分别用于专门指称是(Being)和非是(not-Being),也用于描述和提及任意一个东西(不局限于理念)。通过把上述两种混合用法应用于“εiναι”的衍生词,柏拉图最终在某种意义上将任意一个东西既称为“是者”(being)又称为“非是者”(not-being)。这为他在对话中定义智者做好了准备。

In Sophist,Plato's special use of“εiναι”and its derivatives has set difficulties for readers.These difficulties mainly arise from the meaning-fusion and name-fusion of those words.The meaning-fusion of“εiναι”mixes up“is-exists-true”,and it has both affirmative and negative formulae in the dialoge.The affirmative“εiναι”contains“‘is-exists-true’on its own nature”and“‘is-exists-true’in relation to others”,the negative“μηεiναι”includes“‘is not-exists not-false’on its own nature”and“‘is not-exists not-false’in relation to others”.Name-fusion regards one and the same word both as a proper name and a descriptive name.“εiναι”and“εiναι”are both used to exclusively refer to Being and not-Being respectively,and to describe and mention anything(beyond the domain of Forms).Applying these two kinds of fusion to derivatives of“εiναι”,Plato finally speaks of anything as both a“being”and a“not-being”in some sense.And this prepares him to define sophist in the dialogue.