论苏格拉底的神性经验或神性标记

On Socrates’Religious Experiences or Divine Sign

在《申辩》中,梅勒图斯(Meletus)指控苏格拉底的罪名就是后者不相信雅典城邦所相信的神明,并且引入新的神明,败坏青年人。所以,我们的问题是,苏格拉底本人的宗教观或虔敬观究竟与当时的雅典城邦的宗教观有何冲突呢?苏格拉底本人的宗教经验究竟是哪般呢?本文会从如下几个方面来探究苏格拉底的宗教经验。首先,苏格拉底的宗教观的一个基础就是对传统的宗教或神明所做出的伦理化解读,接下来,我会解决在柏拉图的早期对话中我们所发现的两个原则的冲突问题,苏格拉底在自己的表述中提到两种不同的原则,一个是理性原则或省察原则;另一个是神性或精灵原则,而后一种原则包括三种不同的形式,即理性之外的神谕和梦境原则、神圣使命原则和苏格拉底的神圣标记原则。这两种原则看起来完全不同,甚至相互排斥,我们该如何理解这种冲突就成为当务之急。最后,我着重分析苏格拉底所说的神圣标记(divine sign)的意义,并总结苏格拉底的神性经验的主要特点。

In Apology,Socrates was accused of the crime that he did not believe in the gods,in whom the Athenian did believe,and he spoiled or misled the young through introducing new gods.Therefore,the urgent questions arise,how Socrates understood the essence of religion,how he treated the traditional religious view of the Athenian,and what kind of religious experiences he did have.This article tries to circumscribe the religious experiences of Socrates.Firstly,I believe that the religious view of Socrates is founded on the moralized interpretation about the traditional gods or religion.Next,I will deal with the problem of two principles which might conflict with each other,one is called the principle of intellect or the self-examination,the other is divine or daemonic principle or divine sign.Finally,I will analyze the meaning of the so-called divine sign and summarize the characteristics of the divine experiences of Socrates.