康德哲学中存在与自由的限度——以黄裕生的第一哲学思考为视阈

The Limits of Being and Freedom in Kant's Philosophy:From the Perspective of Huang Yusheng's Thinking of the First Philosophy

哲学是由“本原意识”所引发的在“有”与“无”之间摆渡的人类思想的“返乡之旅”和“未来之旅”,对存在问题和自由问题的思考与回答是推动这一历史进程的根本动力,康德的批判哲学及其存在观念与自由观念则是该进程中一个重要环节和典型案例。在某种意义上,批判哲学的提出是为了解决哲学领域各个层面上的“辩证法”,其基本方法是退回到冲突的“本原”,通过对人类认识能力、欲求能力和判断力的批判来加以解决。但康德的努力并未如其所愿地终结哲学,而是存在种种局限性,必须面对新的对立面。在存在问题上,康德揭示出了“存在/是本身”作为“显现”的意义,但却始终在概念与客体的关系中理解存在,使之成为一个与“无”或“不存在”绝对对立的概念,也难以揭示出“存在”与“自由”之间直接的、而非间接的关联。在自由问题上,康德通过道德法则的普遍有效性论证了作为其可能性条件的自由的客观实在性,但也因此将自由解释为一种独立于自然法则的必然性。这种本质主义的自由观念很难让当代学者满意,但却为自由问题的深化开辟了道路。

Philosophy is the“return journey”and“future journey”of human thought between“Dasein”and“Nichts”triggered by the original consciousness.Thinking and answering questions of“being”and“freedom”constitutes the fundamental driving force to propel this historical process.Kant's critical philosophy,especially his conceptions of being and freedom,is a crucial moment and a typical example of this process.In a sense,the proposal of critical philosophy is to address the“dialectics”at all levels in the field of philosophy.Its basic method is to return to the“origin”of the conflict and address it through the critiques of human's faculties of cognition and desire,and the power of judgment.However,Kant's endeavors did not terminate philosophy as expected.Instead,Kant had to face the new opposites due to various limitations of his philosophy.On the question of“being”,Kant revealed the meaning of“das Sein selbst”as“erscheinen”while he tended to explain“being”in the relationship between concepts and objects,thus making it an absolute opposite concept to“Nichts”,and this added to the difficulty of revealing a direct relationship between“being”and“freedom”.On the question of“freedom”,Kant revealed the objective reality of freedom as the condition of moral law's possibility through its universal validity.However,this also explained freedom into a necessity independent from natural laws.The essentialist conception of freedom hardly satisfies contemporary scholars,but it paves a way for the deepening of question of freedom.