Thomas Aquinas对Aristotle形上学的诠释与继承——《论存有与本质》与《形上学评注》

Thomas Aquinas’Interpretation and Inheritance of Aristotle’s Metaphysics From De ente et essential and Commentaria ad Metaphysica Aristoteles

Thomas Aquinas(多玛斯·阿奎那)的神学与哲学体系,是建立在Aristotle(亚里斯多德)的形上学之上的,其影响可谓是贯穿他一生。这从他的少作《论存有与本质》与晚期著作《形上学评注》就显而易见。因此,要想深入理解多玛斯的哲学体系,必须先理解亚里斯多德的形上学体系。而他的形上学体系的核心问题,就在ov,εiναι和ονσíα之间的关联。本文从探讨ov的多义性着手,讨论亚里斯多德形上学建构模式:普遍复合物,原因则在于亚里斯多德所建构的形上学模式是"实体形上学"。他的万有生成论的模式是:Subsatntiis compositiis(复合实体)。"复合"(compositum)是从种(species)与属(genus)开始的"层层堆疊"。正是因为这种模式他才确立了与其师Platon(柏拉图)的"分离论"不同的"内在论"。多玛斯的"物之形上学""种类说"与"形质论"也正就是依此模式所建立的。多玛斯在《形上学评注》中的讨论,主要表现在关于太一及其与ens(Being),也就是"一与存有"的关系之中。他的论点则是"一之为物是指未分的存有""一物之实体即是‘一’和‘自存的有’,而不是某物加之于它"。因此他提出"存有与一可被互换"的论断。这句格言所表明的是,中世纪哲学已然完成从柏拉图为基础到以亚里斯多德为基础的"典范转移",多玛斯对于ens的看法,则可视为是与绝对者——上帝之间的关联。

The theological and philosophical system of Thomas Aquinas is based on the metaphysics of Aristotle,whose influence is throughout his whole life.This fact is clear from his earlier work"De ente et essentia"to later work"Commentaria ad Metaphysica Aristoteles".In order to understand the philosophical system of Thomas,it is necessary to elucidate the metaphysics of Aristotle.The core problem in his metaphysicsis the relation between ov,εiναι and ονσíα.We begin our inquiry from the diversity of ov,to elucidate the Aristotle’s mode of construction of metaphysics:universales concretum,because his mode of metaphysics constructing is that ofονσíα.From this starting point,he builds his theory of genesis with mode of Substantiis compositiis.Composite means the layer on layer mode of piling,which begins from species and genus.It is just because of this mode that he can establish his Immanence theory which is different from his master Plato’s Chorismos theory.The theory of"metaphysics of things","SpeciesGenus"and"Form-Matter"of Thomas is built on this mode.In the"Commentaria ad Metaphysica Aristoteles",Thomas discusses mainly on the relation between Unum and Ens,namely,One and Being.His arguments are:"One is that of undifferentiated Being","The substance of one thing is"One"and"Being on itself",but not something added to it".So he concludes that"Being and One are exchangeable".This elucidates clearly that the medieval philosophy has finished its paradigm shift from Plato to Aristotle.Thomas’view of Being can be understood as the relation with the Absolute:God.