包萨尼亚的爱欲教育:柏拉图《会饮篇》的自然与习俗问题

Pausanias’Erotic Education:Nature and Custom in Plato’s Symposium

爱欲教育是古希腊社会的一项独特风尚。柏拉图在《会饮篇》中借包萨尼亚之口论述了爱欲与教育的关系,传统上一般认为,他的发言比较接近现实中古希腊城邦(特别是雅典)对爱欲教育的理解。本文试将包萨尼亚的发言与古风和古典时代的雅典关于爱欲关系的现实规范相对比,通过揭示前者违背后者之处,展现柏拉图通过这篇赞词所表达的反思。笔者认为,包萨尼亚表面上强调德性与智慧、捍卫雅典的道德政治文化,实际上自始至终以自然欲望为出发点,其思想本质是智者术。通过对包萨尼亚其人其说的呈现,柏拉图揭示出作为教育机制的爱欲关系如何展现了自然与习俗的根本张力。

Erotic education is a unique custom in ancient Greek society.Pausanias’speech on the relationship between eros and education in Plato’s Symposium is traditionally considered to express the conception of erotic education in historical Greek cities,especially Athens.This article will compare Pausanias’speech with the regulations of erotic education in historical Athens and reveal the differences between them:Pausanias appears to praise virtue and defend the moral and political culture of Athens,but in fact his starting-point is from the beginning to the end his own desire.The author argues that through Pausanias’sophistic speech Plato aims to demonstrate the tension between nature and custom,as manifested in the Athenian culture of eros as an institution of education.