康德先天综合判断的第三者概念及其形而上学意义——基于《纯粹理性批判》的一项文本解读

The Three Meanings and Dimensions of the Concept of Third Thing in Kant——A Reading Based on the Critique of Pure Reason

康德基于主谓词关系问题而提出的先天综合判断的第三者概念,对我们理解和把握"先天综合判断是如何可能的"这个先验哲学的总问题具有十分重要的作用。第三者概念在康德的先验哲学中之所以具有如此重要的作用是因为康德赋予了它独特的意义与作用,那就是联结先天综合判断的主谓词,从而使得先天综合判断得以可能。因此,第三者概念就是指联结先天综合判断的主谓词的中介,通过它主谓词概念的综合才能产生。第三者概念的提出问题背景是古希腊哲学中的主谓词关系问题,它的提出继承了前苏格拉底哲学家经柏拉图和亚里士多德到休谟的相关思想,是康德对以往哲学史上所探讨的主谓词关系问题的所作的一项回应。第三者概念的提出体现了康德在主谓词关系问题的框架内解答先天综合判断的可能性问题的学理特征,也体现了康德建构科学的形而上学的独特视角。

Kant proposed the concept of third thing based on the framework of the question of the subject-predicate relationships.This concept plays an important role in understanding and grasping the general question of Kant’s transcendental philosophy:"How are synthetic judgements possible a priori?"Kant gives the concept special meanings and effect.That is,it joins subject and predicate,and makes synthetic judgements a priori possible.So,it is the medium of subject and predicate,and makes subject and predicate synthetic.This concept,proposed by Kant,inherits the thoughts of pre-Socratic philosopher through Plato and Aristotle to Hume,and opens up the related thoughts from Hegel through Marx to Heidegger.Thus,it serves as a link between the past and the future.It has solved the problem of synthetic judgements a priori in the framework of the problem of the subject-predicate relationships,and also reflects the unique perspective which Kant tried to construct in scientific Metaphysics.