清代月选掣签制度考论

Research on the System of Drawing Lots for Monthly Election in Qing Dynasty

明代吏部尚书孙丕扬行掣签授官之法,用于官员铨选之中,一定程度上弥补了吏部铨选制度的不足。清代在文官月选中沿袭掣签授官,并成为定制,掣签的时间、地点、对象与明代相比发生一定的变化,且为了防弊,增加了监察官员监掣、九卿验看、皇帝引见等一系列措施。为了能使人地相宜,清代又制定题补等其他选任方式,以补掣签授官之不足。掣签授官制度虽保证吏部掌握部分中下级外官选任的权力,并且在一定程度上也维护选官的公平,但却与量才授官、人地相宜的用人原则存在本质矛盾。

In the Ming Dynasty,the Ministry of Personnel Sun Piyang used the method of drawing lots for the selection of officials,and,to some extent,this made up for the shortcomings of the official appointment system.The Qing Dynasty followed the selection of officials by drawing lots in the monthly appointment of civil officials.To some extent,the time,place,and object of drawing lots changed compared to the Ming Dynasty.The emperor introduced a series of measures to prevent malpractice.Officials supervised the process,and the Nine Dignitaries reviewed it.To make it suitable for people and places,the Qing Dynasty also formulated other methods of selection,such as nominations of candidates by the governor-general,to make up for the shortcoming in the drawing of lots.Although the system of awarding officials by drawing lots guaranteed that the Ministry of Personnel had the power to select and appoint some middle and lower-level local officials,and to a certain extent,it also maintained the fairness of the appointment of officials,but the process was essentially contradictory to the principle that appointing officials should be governed by qualifications and the appropriateness.