历史唯物主义原像——从黑格尔到马克思的“犹太人问题”

The Original State of Historical Materialism——The “Jewish Question” from Hegel to Marx

围绕马克思在《德法年鉴》时期与鲍威尔关于犹太人问题的争论,不仅照鉴了他与青年黑格尔派宗教批判思想的决裂,更从此与黑格尔哲学分道扬镳。青年黑格尔派宗教批判本质上是黑格尔理性国家观的延伸,马克思一方面揭示了政治国家解决宗教问题的无能,另一方面将宗教批判转向具有经济性质的市民社会进而挣脱了黑格尔哲学的桎梏。马克思通过对"异化劳动""分工"以及"商品"等视域的考察,不仅使宗教与国家演变成基础结构所决定的上层建筑,更在政治经济学中以拜物教批判的方式深化了对历史唯物主义的反思。

The dispute about Jews between Marx and Powell during the period of German-French Yearbook reflects not only his break with the young Hegelian thought of religious criticism,but also his departure from Hegel’s philosophy.In essence,the religious criticism of the young Hegelian is an extension of Hegel’s rational state view.On the one hand,Marx exposed the inability of the political state to solve the religious problem;on the other hand,he turned the religious criticism to the civil society with economic nature,thus breaking the shackles of Hegelian philosophy.Marx’s investigation through the vision of"alienated labor","division of labor"and"commodity"not only made religion and state evolve into a superstructure determined by the infrastructure,but deepened his reflection on historical materialism in the way of fetishism criticism in political economy.