赫勒的需要理论对马克思人类解放理论的丰富与拓展

The Enrichment and Expansion of Heller’s Theory of Needs to Marx’s Theory of Human Liberation

基于对马克思的微观文化分析和解读,赫勒提出了自己的独特的需要理论。其理论创建现为:首先,赫勒将人的实践本质规定性、人的文化丰富性等纳入马克思关于人类解放的构想之中,凸显了人类解放的微观层面,即文化层面;其次,赫勒提出,在发达资本主义条件下,现代性的危机在很大程度上表现为需要的异化;最后,赫勒指出,要想克服人的自我异化和现代性的危机,除社会的宏观变革以外,还必须在人的需要结构和人的存在方式上实现变革。而这一切都依赖于一种具有革命性和批判性的激进需要的生成,依赖于自由个体的出现和人的文化丰富性的真正展开。

Based on the premise of micro-cultural analysis and interpretation of Marx, Heller puts forward herown unique formation of her own theory of needs. This is mainly manifested in the following three aspects:first, Heller incorporates the prescriptive nature of human practice and the richness of human culture intoMarx’s conception of human emancipation, highlighting the micro level of human emancipation, i.e. the cultur-al level;second, she suggests that under the conditions of advanced capitalism, the crisis of modernity is to alarge extent manifested in the alienation of needs;third, she points out that in order to overcome the crisis ofhuman self alienation and modernity, in addition to macro changes in society, it is necessary to bring aboutchanges in the structure of human needs and in the way people exist. And all this depends on the generation ofa radical need that is revolutionary and critical, on the emergence of the free individual and the real unfoldingof cultural enrichment of human being.