明代学校的射礼

Archery Rituals at Schools in Ming Dynasty

明朝开国之后,发动礼制变革的国家工程,反应在学校礼仪方面,即包括各府、州、县学的射礼重建。各级学校纷纷响应朝廷政策,开辟射圃,将射箭纳入教学之中。明代学校的射礼具有独特的射职、射侯、射式以及射法等元素。出于射礼无法承载国家对生员文武兼备的期许、不与科举等实用目的挂钩等因素,所以在明中后期,学校的射礼逐渐走向衰落。

Ming court advocates that local schools through the whole nation should hold archery rituals among students,as a result of ritual reform after the birth of a new nation.Consequently,numerous schools set lots of archery places and make archery lessons involved in teaching process.According to the regulations from central government,archery rituals cover many characteristics of Ming dynasty,such as special stuff-setting,the image of target,methods of shooting,notice of archery,etc.These special archery rituals eventually,however,turn out to be on the decline,in terms that it does not meet the standard to train talents of both literary and military capacity,and has little relationship with imperial examination,in the middle and late period of Ming dynasty.