权利行使的出罪功能——以财产犯罪的认定为中心

The Exercise of Rights Does Not Constitute a Crime——Focus on the Identification of Property Crimes

权利行使中的财产损失判断应从个别财产犯罪和整体财产犯罪的区分着手判断。对于个别财产犯罪,只要索债行为取得财产,就会造成财产损失,而对于整体财产犯罪,必须考虑取得的财产与免除的债务之间的抵消关系。对于整体财产犯罪中的权利行使,债权债务应有正当性。索取不法债务、未到期的债务以及涉及第三人利益的债务,不得以权利行使阻却违法。在行为人误以为自己有权利索债的情况下,即使不符合权利行使行为因而不阻却违法的,也应当阻却行为人的责任。但是,如果行为人所认识的内容与侵害他人财产具有实质相当性,可认定其具有犯罪故意。

The judgment of property damage in the exercise of rights should start from the distinction between individual property crimes and overall property crimes.For individual property crimes,the loss of property results whenever the act of debt collection acquires property,while for overall property crimes,the offsetting relationship between the property acquired and the debt forgiven must be considered.For the exercise of rights in overall property crimes,debts should be justified.Claiming wrongful debts,unmatured debts and debts involving the interests of third parties shall not block the violation of law on the grounds of the exercise of rights.In cases where the perpetrator mistakenly believes that he or she has the right to claim a debt,the perpetrator’s liability should be blocked even if it is not consistent with the act of exercising the right and thus not blocking the violation.However,if the content of the perpetrator’s knowledge is substantially equivalent to the infringement of another person’s property,he or she may be found to have criminal intent.