平地瑶分娩实践的变迁——基于一个平地瑶村落的民族志研究

The Transitions of Pingdi Yao’s Childbirth Practices——Based on An Ethnographic Study of a Pingdi Yao Village

分娩实践是生育文化的重要组成部分,近代以来,中国人的分娩实践经历了三个主要时期,分别是旧法接生时期、新法接生时期和住院分娩时期。本文以广西的一个平地瑶村为例,运用人类学的研究方法深入探究平地瑶不同时期的分娩实践及其变迁,梳理各时期分娩实践的文化意涵,并对各时期的分娩实践进行对比分析。研究发现,在旧法接生时期,平地瑶的分娩实践深受传统文化的影响。然而,随着社会的发展,平地瑶传统文化在分娩过程中的地位和角色逐渐被削弱。到了住院分娩时期,受分娩医学化、国家政策、经济发展等因素的影响,新的分娩文化逐渐取代传统的分娩文化,分娩从生理行为演变为医疗行为,产妇与接生者的关系也从熟人关系演变为基于陌生人关系的医患关系。面对当今产妇对分娩体验的日益不满,文章从多个方面提出了相应的改善建议。

Childbirth practice is an important part of fertility culture,since modern times,Chinese people’s childbirth practices have experienced three major periods,namely the old method delivery period,the new method delivery period and the hospitalization delivery period.This paper takes a Pingdi Yao village in Guangxi as an example,uses anthropological methods to deeply explore the childbirth practices of Pingdi Yao and their transitions,analyses their cultural meanings and compares the childbirth practices of Pingdi Yao in different periods.This paper finds that the childbirth practices of Pingdi Yao in old method delivery period are deeply influenced by traditional cultures.However,with the development of society,the status and role of Pingdi Yao’s traditional cultures in childbirth process have gradually weakened.When it comes to the hospitalization delivery period,influenced by the childbirth medicalization,national policies,economic development and other factors,the new birth culture has gradually replaced the traditional birth culture,childbirth has changed from physiological behaviors to medical behaviors,and the relationship between the puerperae and midwives has changed from acquaintance-relationship to doctor-patient relationship which is based on the stranger relationship.Faced with the increasing dissatisfaction of today’s puerperae,this paper puts forward some improvement measures from many aspects.