劳动力市场垄断行为的法律规制

Legal Regulation of Monopolistic Behavior in Labor Market

由于劳动者与用人单位双方地位显著失衡,反垄断法应关注劳动力市场中买方垄断力量的强化与行使。劳动力市场的垄断行为依然涵摄于反垄断法下的三种典型垄断行为中,但也呈现出特殊的表现形式,如固定工资协议、不挖角协议、掠夺性招聘、可能对劳动力市场产生反竞争影响的并购等。对这类行为进行反垄断分析时,可以使用调整后的假定垄断者测试法(SSNDW)界定相关市场,应用赫芬达尔—赫希曼指数(HHI)和“工资下降压力”(DWP)测试法评估市场势力,并引入“有效竞争标准”认定竞争损害。我国反垄断法在劳动力市场的实施,应聚焦于劳动力市场的买方垄断,以横向垄断协议为规制重点,更新反垄断分析思路和分析方法,同时运用反垄断指南、市场研究和合并事后评估等竞争倡导工具。

Due to the significant imbalance between the employee and the employer,the Anti-monopoly Law should pay attention to the consolidation and exercise of the monopsony power in the labor market.The monopolistic conduct of labor market is included in the three typical monopolistic conducts of the Anti-monopoly Law,but it is also presented in special forms,such as wage-fixing agreement,no-poach agreements,predatory hiring,merger and acquisition which may have anti-competitive influence on labor market.When making antitrust analysis of this type of conduct,we can use the adjusted hypothetical monopolist test(SSNDW)to define the relevant market,apply Herfindahl-Hirschman Index(HHI)and‘downward wage pressure’(DWP)test to evaluate the market power,and introduce‘effective competition standard’to identify competition injure.The implementation of China’s Anti-monopoly Law in the labor market should focus on the monopsony of the market,take the horizontal monopoly agreement as the main regulatory object,update the anti-monopoly analysis ideas and methods,and employ anti-monopoly guidelines,market studies,ex post assessments of past merger decisions and other tools of competition advocacy.