数据产权保护的法律路径

Legal Rules on the Protection of Data Property Rights

数据产权规则既是各方开展自愿交易的协商前提,也是裁判者界定何方受损或者受益的法定依据。公法规制与产权界定并非对立关系,行为规制是实现产权配置的外部手段,明晰的产权规则是行为规制的逻辑前提。我国数据保护立法存在权利范式和行为范式两种路径。前者包括财产权规则、数据的知识产权保护与人格权保护;后者涉及数据服务合同、侵权责任法救济、反不正当竞争法调整和数据的公法保护。鉴于数据是一个开放的权利束,单一的公法规制或私权保护、财产规则或责任规则都有其局限性,而应当建立多元共治的规则体系。在具体的规范类型上,与人格利益紧密相关的法律规范属于强制性规定,而财产利益的分配规则是任意性规定。

Rules on data property rights are not only a prerequisite for voluntary transactions between parties,but also a statutory basis for the judge to decide who may suffer or benefit.Regulation and the distribution of data property rights are not mutually opposed.Behavioral regulation is an external means to realize the allocation of property rights,and clear rules of property rights are the logical basis of behavioral regulation.There are two legislative patterns of data protection:rights paradigm and behavior paradigm.The former includes property rights rules,intellectual property rights protection and personality rights protection;the latter refers to data service contracts,tort liability law,law against unfair competition and administrative regulations on data.Considering that data is an open bundle of rights,both administrative law and civil law,as well as property rule and liability rule have limitations.Thus a pluralistic rule system should be established.The legal articles closely related to personality interests are mandatory norms,while the distribution rules of property interests are arbitrary norms.