论《肇论》“四句否定”的思维形态及其与儒家思维之关联

On the Thinking Form of“the Four Negations”in Zhao Lun and Its Relation with Confucian Thinking

通过辨析“迁”与“不迁”“真”与“不真”“知”与“不知”“涅槃有”与“涅槃无”的辩证关系,本文论证出《肇论》四篇在整体上具有《中论》“四句否定”的思维形态。同时认为,僧肇忽视了《中论》严格的论证过程而直接将《中论》论证的核心结论作为阐发自己思想的逻辑起点和判断标准,使《肇论》“四句否定”的思维形态具有了直言判断的性质,隐含着儒家思维方式的印记;并且潜在地将《中论》彻底否定式的思维方式转变成为肯定式思维方式。《肇论》“四句否定”对般若中观学与中国古代哲学在思维方式上的衔接与转换,既是佛教中国化的深度展开,也反映出佛教中国化过程中的某些理论特质。

Through the analysis of the dialectical relationship between“migration”and“non-migration”,“truth”and“non-truth”,“knowledge”and“non-knowledge”,and“existence of Nirvana”and“non-existence of Nirvana”,this article argues that the four essays in the Zhao Lun as a whole have the thinking pattern of the“four negations”in the Mulamadhyamaka-karika.At the same time,it is believed that MasterSengzhao overlooked the rigorous logical process of the Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā and directly took the core conclusion of the Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā as the logical starting point and judgment standard for expounding his own thoughts,which gave the“four negations”of the Zhao Lun the nature of straightforward judgment,and implied the imprint of the Confucian thinking mode.Moreover,it potentially transformed the thoroughly negating thinking mode of the Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā into an affirmative thinking mode.The“four negations”in the Zhao Lun reflect the connection and transformation of the modes of thinking between the theory of Prajñā-madhyamaka and the ancient Chinese philosophy,which is not only a deep development of the Sinicization of Buddhism,but also reflects certain theoretical characteristics in the process of Sinicization of Buddhism.