哀鸾折翮:鸠摩罗什法师晚年的人生困境

A Mournful Luan-bird with Broken Feather:The Dilemma of Venerable Kumārajīva in His Later Years

姚秦弘始三年(401),罗什以“破戒”身份入关。十五年(413),罗什留下“恻怆遗言”而离世。在此十二年间罗什有“哀鸾折翮”之悲叹,更有以七十岁高龄返回天竺的雄心壮志。本文将围绕罗什的“破戒”身份与有部“僧团主义”独身原则的冲突,与觉贤在禅法上的较量,姚秦政权的压力,以及佛教有论和小乘“大乘非佛说”的挑战等诸多方面因素来客观地叙述罗什晚年人生困境和心理压力,进一步探寻罗什作为划时代佛门大师的内心世界。东晋佛教群英荟萃,风云际会,如罗什、法显、昙摩谶、佛驮跋陀罗等皆是划时代的佛门巨擘,但他们都是在纷杂的历史事件中悲剧性地落下人生帷幕。本文撰写的目的就是想以此为维度来客观地讲述这段灿烂夺目、异彩纷呈的佛教史,以米盐凌杂和寸丝半粟的“小故事”来揭示波谲云诡和交纵错杂“大历史”。

In the third year of Yaoqin Hongshi(401 CE),Venerable Kumārajīva entered China as“transgressor of discipline”,and in the thirteenth year(413),he died with“sorrowful last words”.During these twelve years,Rosh had the lamentation of“mournful luan-bird with broken feather”and the ambition of returning to Tianzhu(ancient India)at the age of seventy.This paper will objectively describe the life dilemma and psychological pressure of Kumārajīva in his later years,centering on many factors,such as the conflict between his identity of“transgressor of discipline”and the celibacy principle of"Monasticism"of Sarvāstivāda,the contest with Venerable Buddhabhadra(觉贤)in Chan method,the pressure of Yao Qin regime,and the challenge of Buddhist theory of Yogacara and Hinayana’s“Mahayana is not said by Buddha”.Further explore the inner world of Kumārajīva as an epoch-making buddhist great master.In the Eastern Jin Dynasty,great masters gathered together,such as Kumārajīva,Fa-hsien,Dharmakṣema,Buddhabhadra and other epoch-making monks,but they all tragically ended their lives in the complicated historical events.The purpose of this paper is to objectively tell this brilliant and colorful buddhist history from the dimension,and reveal the social intrigue and complex“grand history”through the trifling story.