《云栖共住规约》研究:莲池大师的管理之道

Study on the Cohabitation Commandmentsof Yunqi:Master Lianchi's Management Approach

《云栖共住规约》继承了传统丛林清规精神,又带有明末佛教特质与莲池大师个人的修学经验。本文第一部分,略述在《云栖共住规约》之前元代成立的主要清规,明末社会及佛教现状与《云栖共住规约》形成的情形。第二部分介绍规约所管理的僧团如何构成,分析规约实施的对象。第三部分讨论规约实施的特点,涉及住持选择、执事任命、日常管理和十种僧约等内容。第四部分讨论规约中的教育制度,介绍云栖寺的教理学习和净业修行,并略述依受戒、受法而建立的云栖一系法脉。第五部分讨论规约中的奖惩制度,介绍如何运用奖惩的方法来培育僧格,这种管理方式在《云栖共住规约》中格外细致。第六部分讨论规约中的安养制度,说明云栖寺对老人和病人的关怀,以及在悉心照顾的同时又不忽视对他们的警策。最后,从《云栖共住规约》受到的评价略论实施成效,并从后世丛林对规约的经久传承,探讨其带来的深远影响。

This paper is a study of the Cohabitation Commandments of Yunqi,which inherits the spirit of traditional jungle-monasteries pure commandments,with the characteristics of Buddhism in the late Ming Dynasty and the personal learning experience of Master Lianchi.The first part of this paper briefly describes the main pure commandments established in Yuan Dynasty before the Cohabitation Commandments of Yunqi,the current situation of the society and Buddhism at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the situation of its formation.The second part introduces how to constitute the Sangha managed by the commandments and analyzes the object of its implementation.The third part discusses the characteristics of the implementation of the commandments,including abbot selection,deacon appointment,daily management and ten kinds of buddhist covenants.The fourth part discusses the educational system in the commandments,introduces the teaching study and pure-karma cultivation in Yunqi Temple,and briefly describes the religious genealogy of Yunqi established by receiving precepts and dhamma.The fifth part discusses the reward and punishment system in the commandments and introduces how to use the reward and punishment method to cultivate monk personality,which is particularly detailed in the Cohabitation Commandments of Yunqi.The sixth part discusses the hospice system in the regulations,explaining Yunqi Temple’s care for the elderly and the sick,as well as its care for them without neglecting their warning.Finally,this paper discusses the implementation effect of the Cohabitation Commandments of Yunqi from the evaluation received,and discusses its far-reaching impact from the long-term inheritance of the commandments in the future jungle-monasteries.