重商主义议题回归与政治经济学基本问题:从李斯特到马克思

The Return of Mercantilism Theme and Fundamental Issues in Political Economy:From List to Marx

李斯特是经济思想史上不容忽视的重要一环,他将重商主义的重要议题带回到政治经济学中,并继承了这一研究传统的务实品格,进而对马克思产生了重要影响。然而,李斯特在批判古典政治经济学时将其重要的理论贡献也抛弃了,致使自身遭遇难以突破的理论瓶颈。马克思继承和发展了古典政治经济学的科学成分,创立了科学的劳动价值论,从而破解了李斯特经济学的理论难题。政治经济学的发展脉络开始于重商主义,经古典政治经济学和李斯特经济学,在马克思的《资本论》中完成科学论证。重商主义也是马克思主义政治经济学的重要思想来源,尤其它的务实品格是政治经济学走向科学发展道路的关键。无论研究内容还是研究方法,政治经济学的基本问题都已经得到确认和解决。明确研究出发点,要比逻辑起点的有关争论更为重要;明确研究的方向和任务,要比研究对象的有关争论更为重要。一般认为,李斯特的经济学思想为马克思创立唯物史观提供重要思想源泉。但更重要的是,马克思同时做到了政治经济学的哲学批判和哲学的政治经济学批判,创立唯物史观的同时,也从根本上解决了政治经济学的基本问题。

List is an important link in the history of economic thought that cannot be ignored.He brought the important issue of mercantilism back to political economy and inherited the pragmatic character of this research tradition,thus having a significant impact on Marx.However,when criticizing classical political economy,List also abandoned its important theoretical contributions,causing himself to encounter a theoretical bottleneck that was difficult to break through.Marx inherited and developed the scientific components of classical political economy,established a scientific labor value theory,and thus solved the theoretical difficulties of List economics.The development of political economy began with mercantilism,and through classical political economy and List economics,scientific argumentation was completed in Marx's Capital.Mercantilism is also an important ideological source of Marxist political economy,especially its pragmatic character,which is the key to the scientific development of political economy.Both the research content and methods,the fundamental issues of political economy have been confirmed and resolved.Clarifying the starting point of research is more important than arguing about the logical starting point;Clarifying the direction and task of research is more important than debating the subject matter.It is generally believed that List's economic ideas provided an important source of thought for Marx's establishment of the materialist view of history.But more importantly,Marx achieved both philosophical critique of political economy and political economy's critique of philosophical.While establishing the materialist view of history,he also fundamentally solved the basic problems of political economy.