地租理论与数字平台企业的租金研究

Land Rent Theory and Research on Rent of Digital Platform Enterprises

马克思地租理论深刻揭示出土地租金的性质与来源,为探讨社会总产品在工资、利润与地租之间的分配奠定了重要的理论基础。本文系统梳理了马克思地租理论的发展脉络及其在数字平台研究领域的应用,在此基础上借助数理政治经济学模型,将数字平台企业获得的收益划分为平均利润、级差租金和垄断租金,并逐一讨论各部分收益的来源及其影响。具体发现如下:第一,数字平台企业需要获得平均利润来补偿提供数字空间、数字产品或者数字服务的投入,即满足等量资本获得等量利润的基本要求。第二,数字平台企业的级差租金以促进效率提升为前提,并且以级差租金的形式实现了对一般性生产性部门超额利润的转移,但这种利润转移方式却不影响一般性生产性部门获得平均利润。第三,数字平台企业可以通过收取垄断租金进行社会收益的转移再分配,其垄断租金规模的过度扩张势必会挤压一般性生产部门的平均利润,并影响社会再生产中扩大规模的积累要求以及部门之间的比例关系。因此,为了引导数字平台企业健康发展,需要从社会整体经济效率的变化来审视数字平台企业的作用,要把握数字平台企业所获得的不同类型租金的性质,动态地评估数字平台企业总体的收益对全社会平均利润率变化的影响。

Marx's land rent theory has unveiled the nature and source of land rent,providing the rationale for discussing the distribution of total social products among wages,profits,and land rents.This paper has systematically summarized the development of Marx's land rent theory and its application in the field of digital platform research by constructing the mathematical-political economic model on this basis,we divide digital platform enterprises'revenues obtained into average profit,differential rent,and monopoly rent,and then discuss the source and impact of each part of the revenues respectively.Our study finds that:First,digital platform enterprises need to obtain average profit to compensate for the investment in providing digital space,products,and services,satisfying the fundamental requirement for an equal amount of capital to obtain an equal amount of profit.Second,on the premise of improving production efficiency,digital platform enterprises transfer surplus-profit from the general productive departments in the form of differential rent,whereas having no influence on the average profit of the general productive department.Third,digital platform enterprises can redistribute social revenues by collecting monopoly rent,and the excessive expansion of the scale of monopoly rent will inevitably squeeze the average profit of the general productive department,affecting the requirements of capital accumulation for reproduction on an extended scale and the proportional relationship between departments in social reproduction.Therefore,in order to guide the healthy development of digital platform enterprises,we should meticulously examine the role of digital platform enterprises from the change of overall social-economic efficiency,understand the nature of different types of rents,and evaluate the dynamic impact of digital platform enterprises'overall revenues on the change of the whole society's average profit rate.