后现代状态下的胡塞尔与康德——利奥塔论审美反思

Edmund Husserl and Immanuel Kant under the Postmodern Condition:Jean-Fran?ois Lyotard’s Theory of Aesthetic Reflection

胡塞尔继承了康德的超越论哲学,在批判心理主义的基础上进行认识批判,发展出了现象学反思的方法。这种方法被利奥塔用于解读康德美学中的审美反思,批判现代宏大叙事。通过现象学的视角,首先,审美反思是先验的反思,具有“启发性”特征,即确保感性在认识过程中的奠基性并限制诸认识能力的使用范围,防止超越性知识的出现;其次,审美反思具有“自指性”特征,是与反思性判断力相关的审美感觉,它保证了反思的内在性和批判的纯粹性,防止知识能力与超越性对象形成直接联系。这种认识批判为知识找到了明见性的基础,同时为后现代的崇高美学和伦理学奠定了基础。

Edmund Husserl inherits Immanuel Kant’s transcendental philosophy,criticizing psychologism and putting forward a method of phenomenological reflection based on the critique of knowledge.This method is utilized by Lyotard to decipher Kant’s aesthetic reflection,in order to criticize modern grand narratives.From the perspective of phenomenology,aesthetic reflection is in the first place heuristic transcendental reflection,which secures the foundation of perception in the process of cognition and limits the effective scale of cognitive faculties.Therefore,the transcendental knowledge is eliminated.Furthermore,aesthetic reflection,a type of aesthetic feeling that constitutes the power of reflective judgement,is tautegorical.It therefore maintains the immanence of reflection and purity of critique,preventing direct correlations between critique of knowledge and the object of cognition.This critique of knowledge has laid evidential foundation for cognition and for the elaboration of postmodern sublime aesthetics and ethics.