将-来的书写:德里达的幽灵政治学探微

Writing of Futurity:On Derrida’s Hauntology

如何回应他者的召唤,这是后列维纳斯伦理学面临的首要问题,德里达在《马克思的幽灵们》中给出了幽灵政治学的回答,认为"马克思"要求我们回应,在书写的革命中进入将-来。与学界通常的认识相反,《幽灵》并未推延"共产主义"的到来,而是强调共产主义的幽灵早已上场,从马克思说出幽灵开始,它就一直在欧洲徘徊,要求我们回应,我们必须对其作出回应,也一直有人在回应,只是它被资本主义再-现遮蔽了。德里达号召我们听从马克思的指令,继承其形而上学批判,展开非形而上学的书写,超越再-现/现在/在场的书写,在这种幽灵书写中进入将-来,一种不同于再-现生产的空间-时间的空时化。德里达并未把再-现普遍化,而是把其视为布尔乔亚的意义生产方式,资本主义意识形态,可以"历史地"超越,这让幽灵书写不同于朗西埃的"歧见"、南希的"独多性"和巴特勒的"讲述"。自此以后,他异的或文学的书写就是将-来的书写,对他者正义的书写。

In Spectres of Marx,Jacques Derrida answers the post-Levinasian question:how to respond to the Other.He claims that The Communist Manifesto has become an injunction of Marx,who requires our response.We have to respond to it and speak,as Marx does,in a non-metaphysical way.Since it is beyond the economy of re-presentation,writing does not produce presence.Thus,everything in it is spectral.But it takes us into l’avenir or futurity,a"spacing(and)temporizing"different from the space-time produced by re-presentation,because it constitutes an"ethicality"which goes beyond the metaphysical subjective conquest of the object.Therefore,we have to await it and in the waiting encounter a new"future".