从“他者景观”到“零度主体”——《没有个性的人》中索利曼的自治之路

From “the Spectacle of the Other” to “Subjectivity Degree Zero”: Soliman’s Road to Autonomy in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften

罗伯特·穆齐尔的小说《没有个性的人》表现了社会权力话语的"同质化"而导致的主体危机。同质化的形态多种多样,其中之一就是种族特质的同质化,在小说中集中体现在对非裔黑人索利曼形象的塑造中。穆齐尔一面致力于揭示将黑人族群他者化、同质化的权力话语机制,即把本应作为个性主体的索利曼建构为一种"他者景观";一面将叙述转向索利曼的自我视角,探讨了解除此类同质化的途径,即通过人物在"疯癫"状态中的自我命名来拒绝同化。小说以此在20世纪初的种族话语背景下探讨了一种自我拯救策略:借由"疯癫"作为"零度主体"化的一种表征,否定象征秩序对个体的规定,从而使其获得自治的可能。

Robert Musil’s novel,Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften,reveals the subjectivity crisis caused by homogenized discourse of social authority.Such a homogenization occurs in various forms.One of them is the homogenization of racial characteristics,which is fully embodied in the portrayal of an African man,Soliman.On the one hand,Musil is keen on representing the black community as the Other and the homogenized discourse of authority as a mechanism,namely,constructing Soliman as"the spectacle of the other"rather than an individual subject,while,on the other hand,he shifts the narrative to Soliman’s own perspective to find a way of relinquishing such kind of homogenization or,in other words,a way of rejecting this homogenization through Soliman’s self-definition in his madness.To this end,the novel explores a kind of strategy for self-salvation in the context of the racial discourse in the early 20 th century:by using"madness"as the representation of"the subjectivity degree zero",Musil negates the constraints on individuals imposed by the symbolic order so as to ensure their entitlement to autonomy.