萨特论自为与为他的关系——以萨特的爱情观为线索

Sartre on the Relationship between Being-for-itself and Being-for-other:Taking Sartre’s View of Love as a Clue

人的实在具有自为的存在和为他的存在这两种不可分割、相互统一的存在方式,即人的实在同时是自为的和为他的。在小说《卧室》与《床笫秘事》中,萨特探讨了两种特殊的、失败的婚姻模式,为《存在与虚无》中的相关描述埋下了伏笔。在《存在与虚无》中,萨特考察了自我对待他人的两种态度,即爱情与受虐狂、情欲与性虐狂,进一步揭示出一种以主体-对象二元模式为主的冲突的、对立的恋爱关系,从而为自为存在和为他存在之间的关系蒙上一层悲观、消极的面纱。然而,在戏剧《脏手》中,萨特试图在人际关系的层面上寻求一种积极性和救赎的可能性,进而表明为他的存在对自为的存在具有一种积极的建构意义。

Human reality has two indivisible and unified modes of being, that is, human reality is at the same time both for-itself and for-other. In his novels The Room and The Secret of the Bed, Sartre explores two particular, failed marriage patterns that foreshadow the relevant descriptions in Being and Nothingness. In Being and Nothingness, Sartre examines the two attitudes of myself towards others, namely, love and masochism, sexual desire and sadism, and he further reveals a conflicted and antagonistic love relationship dominated by the subject-object dual mode, thus putting a pessimistic and negative veil on the relationship between being-for-itself and being-for-other. However, in the play Dirty Hands, Sartre tries to seek a positiveness and a possibility of redemption at the level of interpersonal relationship, thus showing that being-for-other has a positive constructional significance to being-for-itself.