亚历山大里亚犹太社区“politeuma”概念与犹太人公民权问题考辨

The Concept of Politeuma as Jewish Community in Alexandria and Refection on the Citizenship of Alexandrian Jews

“politeuma”(πολíτευμα)表示政府、公民权、政治体制、公民集体等含义,希腊化时期泛指享有居住权的外来移民共同体,是客居者普遍使用的组织形式与族群单位。以既定含义为前提讨论“politeuma”本质,存在因果倒置的风险,应根据具体语境界定其内涵。“politeuma”可表示政治、军事或其他公共组织,也泛指民间自由组织,尤其群落聚居区。不论流散地犹太人是否建立正式管理机构,均可称其为“politeuma”,似可译为“社区”。约瑟夫斯关于亚历山大里亚犹太人公民权记载存在失真成分,不排除其为犹太人辩护而有意为之,但根据纸草文书,又不能完全否定其真实性,某些犹太人享有公民权,但未惠及犹太社区集体。除犹太聚居区即社区外,混居是犹太人常态,尤其在乡村地区,但犹太人接纳外族文化元素的同时能够保持清晰的族群边界。

Politeuma means government,citizenship,constitution,body of citizens or association.In Hellenistic period,it generally refers to corporate body of aliens in foreign city,a common organization and ethnic unite for foreign residents.The nature of politeuma is depended on specific discourse rather than given meanings,or else it has the risk of inversion of reasons and results.Politeuma could include political,military or other public or official institution,meanwhile it could refer to free civil association and especially settlement of alien people,translated as community.No mater there was official institution in Jewish diaspora,a Jewish community could be called politeuma.There is false and legendary information in Josephus works concerning citizenship of Alexandrian Jews,in order to defend for Jewish people,but it is inappropriate to deny completely its truthness according to Jewish papyri.Alexandrian citizenship was granted to some individual Jews rather than the whole Jewish community.Besides Jewish community,it was common for Jewish people to mix with gentiles,especially in countryside.However,Jewish people generally reserved clear ethnic boundary when absorbing foreign cultures.