日本租庸调制中的原始贡纳形态

Primitive Forms of Tribute Payment in the Japanese Rent-in-Kind System

大化改新以前,即全面输入唐代律法文明前,日本法律思想尚未有完整的形态,大和王权形成的大税、贷稻、贽等独特的贡纳形态都源自古代神祇法思想和首长制生产关系下的习惯法意识。律令国家的租庸调制实现了日本历史上赋役制度的转折,使赋役政策变得有法可依、有迹可循。虽日本的《田令》《赋役令》等令法条文从体系架构到条文注疏均承袭唐制,但大和王权下的贵族政治、共同体统治等因素早已奠定日本古代社会的基本格调。因此,律令国家在移植中国法制文明的同时将旧有的贡纳形态融入租庸调制中,借机实现了旧有社会秩序的法制化与律令化。旧法的残存与唐制的继承并行不悖成为古代日本接受中国律法文明的重要特色。

Before the Taika Reform,Japanese legal thought did not take a complete form until the comprehensive introduction of the Tang legal civilization,and the unique forms of tribute payment,such as“Daizei,”“Teidai,”and“Fundi”that originated from ancient kami-faith ideology and the customary law consciousness under the chiefdom production relations,were formed by the Yamato authority.The Rent-in-Kind system of the RitsuryōKokka marked a turning point in Japan's historical system of the“Fuyu-sei”policy,and made the policy lawful and traceable.Although Japanese legal codes such as the“Denryō”and“Fuyōrei”inherited the Tang system in terms of structural framework and textual annotations,the aristocratic politics under the Yamato kingship and the communal rule had already established the basic pattern of ancient JapaneseFy_l society.Therefore,the legal state,while transplanting the Chinese legal civilization,incorporated the existing tribute-gathering forms into the Rent-in-Kind system,enabling the realization of the legal and codified transformation of the existing social order.The coexistence of remnants of the old laws and the inheritance of the Tang system became an important feature of ancient Japan's acceptance of Chinese legal civilization.