古典时期雅典重装步兵的军事义务与社会强制

The Military Duties of Athenian Hoplite and Social Enforcement during the Classical Period

关于雅典公民履行重装步兵军事义务与社会强制的关系,古代文献中存在截然相反的观点:柏拉图批评雅典社会对于公民履行军事义务的要求太过宽大,难以让公民走上战场并服从命令,而伯里克利在国葬演讲中赞美雅典公民不需要斯巴达式的严格训练和管理,公民为保卫城邦自觉选择为城邦英勇战斗。这一争论令后世学者未能注意到雅典社会的强制因素,转而强调公民群体的自觉选择。虽然古代记录的批评和赞美都没提及雅典公民在履行军事义务中的社会强制因素,但实际上他们履行军事义务时均受到了法律、思想、传统理念及社会舆论的影响。诸多社会强制因素与鼓励措施共同促使着雅典公民选择走向战场。所谓自觉选择其实包含着多方面的社会强制力。

There are opposing views in the ancient literature regarding the performance of Athenian heavy infantry in fulfilling their military obligations:Plato argued that Athenian society was too lenient in its demands for citizens to fulfil their military obligations and that it was difficult to get citizens to go into battle and obey orders,while Pericles suggested that Athenian citizens did not need Spartan-style rigorous training and regulation and citizens consciously chose to fight bravely for defending the polis.This debate has led later scholars'ignorance of the coercive element of Athenian society,and instead emphasized the conscious choice of the citizenry.In fact,neither the criticism nor the praise recorded in antiquity mentions the element of social coercion in the performance of military duties by Athenian citizens.They are subject to law,ideology,traditional ideas and pulic opinion in acting according to military duties.A number of social compulsions and incentives combined to drive Athenian citizens to choose to go to the battlefield.The so-called conscious choice involves a multifaceted social coercion.