冷战中的美苏国际学术交流活动探析(1958—1972)

On the International Academic Exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War (1958—1972)

20世纪50年代,美国和苏联基于各自在政治、经济、文化、技术及意识形态等方面的考虑,经过近三年的谈判,于1958年签订了一项文化交流协定,由此双方展开了一定规模的学术交流活动。在交流过程中,美方的旅行资助校际委员会和国际研究与交流理事会及苏方的高等教育部承担了主要的管理职能,以多种形式建立起学术交流的运作机制。然而受冷战影响,双方学者又都难免在异国面临科研工作受限的窘境。在这一轮文化冷战中,苏联掌握了一些先进技术,美国则达到了文化渗透的目的。同时,学术交流活动也使文化关系成为美苏双方能够寻求共同利益的领域之一,为冷战时期两国关系的缓和提供了一些契机。

In the 1950s,the United States and the Soviet Union signed a cultural exchange agreement in 1958 after nearly three years of negotiations on the basis of their respective political,economic,cultural,technological and ideological considerations.Thus,the two sides launched a certain scale of academic exchange activities.In the process of exchange,the Inter University Committee on Travel Grants,the International Research,Exchange Board of the United States and the Ministry of Higher Education of the Soviet Union had taken on the main management functions and established the operation mechanism of academic exchange in various forms.However,affected by the Cold War,scholars of both sides inevitably faced the dilemma of scientific research restricted in foreign countries.In this Cultural Cold War,the Soviet Union was able to master some advanced technologies,while the United States achieved the goal of cultural penetration.At the same time,academic exchanges had also made cultural relations one of the areas in which the United States and the Soviet Union can seek common interests,providing some opportunities for the easing of relations between the two countries during the Cold War.