席卷全球的影子教育:校外培训的发展态势与治理模式

Shadow Education Storming the Globe:Development Patterns and Regulatory Models for Private Supplementary Tutoring

校外培训并非东亚国家特有的现象,而是与学校教育一样在世界各国都普遍存在。校外培训因学校教育的存在而存在、随学校教育的变化而变化,常被喻为"影子教育"。随着全球教育市场的扩张、社会竞争的升级以及教育信息化的迅速发展,影子教育也在全球大幅增长,在越来越多的国家和地区成为与学校教育并行的又一教育系统。本文基于影子教育发展形势及治理政策的比较研究,分析校外培训在世界不同地区的规模与性质,提出影子教育市场格局和治理模式的分类框架,进而讨论其背后的理论思考及政策启示。

Although common perceptions view private supplementary tutoring as mainly found in East Asia,it is in fact now a global phenomenon.Private tutoring is often called shadow education since it mimics schooling and changes when schooling changes.With the expansion of formal education across the world,the intensification of social competition,and the rapid development of online education,shadow education has been increasingly evident across cultures in both prosperous and lower-income societies.In such circumstances,many policy-makers now recognize the need for regulating shadow education,paralleling the regulation of schooling.Drawing on comparative research on the development of shadow education and on government responses across the world,the paper first analyzes the scale and nature of shadow education in different countries.It then presents a typology to conceptualize various regulatory approaches.