来源国劣势:新兴经济体跨国企业国际化“出身劣势”——文献评述与整合框架构建

Liability of Origin: The “Born Disadvantages” Faced by EMNEs during Internationalization: A Literature Review and Integrating Framework Construction

来源国劣势是近年来国际商务领域涌现出的新构念,是指跨国企业的"来源国/母国"对企业国际化产生的负面影响,进而导致跨国企业在东道国处于竞争劣势地位。来源国劣势适合解释新兴经济体跨国企业在发达国家面临的独特挑战,也是导致企业逆向国际化低绩效、高失败率的重要因素。基于此,本文对来源国劣势的内涵、构成、形成机制、克服策略以及对新兴经济体跨国企业国际化战略的影响进行系统梳理,在此基础上构建来源国劣势研究的整合性分析框架。对来源国劣势现象进行系统阐释不仅有助于学术界更深入理解新兴经济体跨国企业国际化面临的独特劣势,也对中国企业在"一带一路"倡议和"逆全球化"双重叠加背景下更好地识别和应对国际化经营风险、提升东道国合法性与全球竞争力具有启示意义。

In this paper,we systematically review the construct development,constitute,formation mechanism,overcoming strategy and the impact of liability of origin on the internationalization strategy of EMNEs,and then construct an integrated analytical framework for the study of liability of origin.Firstly,this paper summarizes the connotation and concept evolution of liability of origin.Early studies mainly define the competitive disadvantage faced by multinational enterprises in the host market as the liability of foreignness,and do not treat liability of origin as an independent phenomenon.Secondly,this paper summarizes the compositions and their formation mechanism of liability of origin.Liability of origin can be divided into two categories:capability-based disadvantage and legitimacy-based disadvantage.The capability-based disadvantage refers to the negative impact of the institutional environment of the home country on the capacity-building to EMNEs,which is mainly caused by the home country institutional constraints.Thirdly,liability of origin not only affects the internationalization capability and the legitimacy of EMNEs in the host country,but also affects the choice of the internationalization strategy of EMNEs,such as the internationalization path,the choice of the market entry mode,the management strategy after entering the host countries.Finally,this paper systematically reviews the strategy to overcome liability of origin,including corporate social responsibility disclosure,organizational identity mechanism,institutional entrepreneurship,and strategic alliances.A systematic review on the liability of origin literature will not only help us to better explain the unique challenges faced by EMNEs,but also deepen the research of international business of EMNEs.For the practical contribution,it helps Chinese enterprises to identify and respond to internationalization risks and improve their internationalization performance under the background of the Belt and Road initiative and de-globalization.