美国利益冲突罪立法体系的发展逻辑及其启示

The Development Logic of the Legislative System of the Crime of Conflict of Interest in US and Its Revelations for China

美国贿赂犯罪罪名体系历经150多年的发展,形成了"三驾马车"结构。利益冲突罪肇始于19世纪中叶,经历三次变革与转型,于20世纪中叶成为美国现代贿赂犯罪立法体系的重心。利益冲突罪以公职义务违反作为犯罪化根据,旨在消除公职人员因公私利益悖论而引发的公共利益风险。该罪的设立及其体系化,突破了传统贿赂犯罪的"权—利"关系结构,调整了"结果本位主义"立场,在传统结构模式之外,创造性地建构起"权—职—利"的新型结构关系。通过明晰职责义务在"滥权"与"谋利"之间的衔接关系,实现了立法重点由交易禁止向利益冲突的转型。当下,我国治理贿赂行为立法体系存在定位单一、立场守旧的问题,应当以积极治理主义为导向,引入利益冲突的法益定位,才能促进立法体系的现代化。

After more than 150 years of development,a"troika"structure of the crime system of bribery has formed in the United States.The crime of conflict of interest was established in the mid-19 th century and,after experiencing three changes and transformations,became the focus of modern bribery legislation system in the United States in the mid-20 th century.This crime is based on the violation of public duties and aims to eliminate the public interest risk resulting from the public and private interests paradox faced by public officials.The establishment and systematization of this crime has broken through the"power-benefit"relationship structure of the traditional bribery crime,adjusted the position of"result departmentalism",and creatively constructed a new type of"power-duty-benefit"structural relationship outside the traditional mode of structural relationship.By clarifying the connection between"abusing power"and"seeking profits",it has shifted the focus of legislation from transaction prohibition to interest conflict.At present,the Chinese bribery legislation system has the problems of single orientation and conservative position.The modernization of this system can be achieved only by taking positive governance as the guidance and introducing the legal interest orientation of conflict of interest.