行政罚款设定的威慑逻辑及其体系化

The Deterrence Logic of the Setting of Administrative Fines and Its Systematization

缺乏法理逻辑的指引,是立法中罚款设定欠科学的重要原因。行政处罚历经从危险消除到风险预防的模式变迁,其制度逻辑也由事后的消极制裁转向事前的积极威慑。罚款设定应当从一般威慑、特别威慑和威慑补充三个维度构筑周延的预防体系:在一般威慑维度,应基于社会危害概念界定罚款责任基准,通过执法概率将罚款数额"撬动"至最佳水平,并妥善处置与衡平正义之间的张力;在特别威慑维度,应将剥夺不法利益作为罚款的最低标准,并根据违法行为的边际变化调整罚款强度;在威慑补充维度,应统筹协调罚款与相关民、刑责任的竞合。

The lack of guidance by proper jurisprudential logic is an important reason for the unscientific setting of fines in legislation.The mode of administrative punishment has undergone a transformation from that of risk elimination to that of risk prevention.Correspondingly,its institutional logic has also undergone a transition from that of negative sanctions after the event to that of positive deterrence before the event.Fine setting should be aimed at constructing a comprehensive prevention system with three dimensions:general deterrence,special deterrence and deterrence supplementation.In the dimension of general deterrence,benchmarks fine responsibility should be defined on the basis of the concept of social harm,fines should be"leveraged"to the best level of deterrence through law enforcement probability,and their tension with equity and justice should be correctly handled;in the dimension of special deterrence,the deprivation of illegal interests should be taken as the minimum standard of fine,and the intensity of fine should be adjusted according to the marginal change of illegal acts;and in the supplementary dimension of deterrence,the concurrence between fines and civil and criminal liabilities should be coordinated.