绝对权、绝对义务及其相对化 民事权利与法益保护的单一框架

法益保护不足与司法过度扩张同时存在。概念结构分析表明法益之本质即权利,如此,民事权利与法益是平等保护还是区分保护的问题便不再存在。即便在旧有概念下,民事权利和法益各自内部的区分保护是绝对的,平等保护是相对的。与绝对权保护以客体为核心相应,真正的法益(新法益概念)是以行为为核心的绝对义务规范所保护的,权利主体和客体暂不明确、但实际存在的权利的总体。在新的“权利—法益”概念下,传统理论中对权利义务的混沌认识可澄清为“绝对权—绝对义务”框架,其他情形是二者的混合或相对化。这一理论框架使得对民事权利和法益的侵权责任构成要件的分析具有平等的起点,使得权利义务法定的边界和实现途径更加清晰,从而解决前述问题,亦彰显公法与私法之关系及以私权为本的理念。

Insufficient protection and excessive judicial expansion co-exist for legal interests.The structural analysis of concept shows that the essence of legal interests is rights.Thus,the question of whether civil rights and legal interests are equally or differentially protected no longer exists.Even under the old concept,respectively within the civil rights and legal interests,differentiated protection is absolute,and equal protection is relative.Corresponding to the fact that the protection of absolute rights takes the object as the core,the real legal interest(the new concept of legal interest)is the totality of rights protected by the absolute obligation norm with behavior as the core,and the subject and object of which are temporarily unclear but actually exist.Under the new concepts of right and legal interest,the chaotic understanding of rights/obligations in traditional theories can be clarified as an absolute right-absolute duty framework,and in other cases it is a mixture or relativization of the two.This theoretical framework makes the examination of the constituent elements of tort liability of civil rights and legal interests have an equal starting point,so that the principle of legal prescription of both rights and obligations has a clearer boundary and a clearer way to realize them,so as to solve the aforementioned problems,and also highlights the relationship between public law and private law and the idea of regarding private rights as the basis.