类型化视角下诉讼请求合并的程序展开

The Typology of Procedures of Claim Joinder

实践中,同一原告往往向同一被告提出数个诉讼请求,从而构成诉的客观合并,法院对其合并审理可以减轻当事人讼累、节约司法资源、提高诉讼效率并防免矛盾判决。根据数个请求之间的关系,诉讼请求合并一般分为单纯合并、预备性合并与选择性合并。由于2015年民诉法司法解释要求合并的各请求必须“基于同一事实”,因此实践中将诉的单纯合并排除在外。又因我国对请求权竞合采“选择消灭”模式,几无适用选择性合并的空间。至于预备性合并,在起诉时又面临请求难以特定的败诉风险:我国诉的合并要件可能因过于严苛而丧失适用的广泛性。有鉴于此,是否许可诉的客观合并,原则上应限于适用同一诉讼程序,并不要求各请求基于同一事实产生。即便当事人提出合并的申请,是否合并仍然取决于法院裁量。对于当事人提出的数个诉讼请求,法院可以依职权进行诉的分离,但当各请求之间具有关联性时应限制分离。

In practice,the same plaintiff often submits several litigation claims to the same defendant,thus constituting an objective joinder of causes of action.The joint trial can reduce the burden of the litigants,save judicial resources,improve the efficiency of litigation and prevent contradictory judgments.According to the relationship between several claims,the objective joinder of causes of action can be divided into joinder of simple causes of action,joinder of preliminary causes of action,and joinder of selective causes of action.The Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China issued in 2015 requires that each claim must be based on“the same facts”in the case of joinder of causes of action.In practice,the joinder of simple causes of action is excluded.And due to the adoption of“selective extinction”model when dealing with the overlap of claims,there is almost no room for joinder of selective causes of action.For the joinder of preliminary causes of action,there is a risk of losing the lawsuit as the claims are difficult to specify.The elements of the joinder of causes of action might be so strict that it throttles a widespread application.In view of this,the objective joinder of causes of action should,in principle,be limited to the application of the same proceeding and does not require that the claims be based on the same facts.Even if the litigant files an application for joinder of causes of action,it still depends on the court’s discretion whether to carry out the joinder.For several litigation claims submitted by the litigants,the court may separate the litigation according to its authority,but when there is correlation between the claims,such separation should be restricted.