限制抵押财产转让约定的法律效果

The Legal Effect of the Agreement on Restriction of Mortgaged Property Transfer

《民法典》第406条在抵押人自由转让抵押财产的基础上,允许当事人约定限制这种自由。约定禁止转让抵押财产的,为绝对限制;约定以抵押权人同意等为抵押财产转让条件的,为相对限制。在不动产抵押,绝对限制与《民法典》第406条的目的相悖,应当无效;相对限制一经生效,能约束抵押当事人双方,但该约定未经登记,不得约束抵押财产受让人、登记机构等第三人,即便不具备抵押权人同意等条件,亦不影响抵押财产的转让,登记机构也能办理转移登记。在动产抵押,浮动抵押合同约定绝对限制的,产生非浮动抵押权,非浮动抵押合同的这类约定无效;相对限制无论如何都不能对抗符合《民法典》第404条规定的买受人,但在登记后能对抗其他受让人。这些看法对最高人民法院"民法典担保制度司法解释"第43条有所细化、补充和调整。

Article 406 of the Chinese Civil Code vested in mortgagors with freedom to transfer the mortgaged property,and this freedom can be restricted by parties’agreement.Absolute restriction means that the transfer of mortgaged property is prohibited in the agreement of the parties,while relative restriction means that the parties agree to use the mortgagee’s consent as the condition for the transfer of the mortgaged property.For real estate mortgage,absolute restriction goes against the gist of Article 406 of the Civil Code,which shall be invalid.Once the relative restriction takes effect,it can only bind the parties of mortgage relationship and it shall not bind any third party,including the assignee or the registration authority without registration.Even without the consent of the mortgagee,the registration authority can also accept the transfer registration as it does not affect the transfer of the mortgaged property.For chattel mortgage,when a floating charge contract stipulates absolute restrictions,it turns into"non-floating charge",while such agreement of forbidding the transfer in a non-floating charge contract shall be invalid;the relative restriction agreement can oppose to the assignee described in Article 404 of the Civil Code under no circumstances,but it can oppose other assignees after registration.These views have refined,supplemented and adjusted Article 43 of Judicial Interpretation of Civil Code’s Guarantee System of the Supreme People’s Court.