自然人与法人的权利能力 对于法人本质特征的追问

Natural and Legal Person’s Capacity for Civil Right An Inquiry about the Essential Characteristic of Legal Person

个体与共同体的关系是民事主体理论与制度的核心内容。市民社会将个体与共同体的积极联系委于任意,对于人格体之理性提出了超过以往任何社会的期待和要求。在此背景下,权利能力取代人格,构建个体与共同体的关系,并成为承载人格体理性能力的概念。为了克服生物人意志天赋不均的结构性障碍,法学通过行为能力概念在具体经验领域判断具体的理性能力,维持了权利能力概念承载抽象理性能力的功能。生物人扮演组织角色的可能性,使得组织可以生物人独占的意志为基础,从生物人的不自由中获得自身的自由。与自然人需要不断磨砺自己在法律交往中的目的导向理性能力不同,法人需要磨砺的是其相对于自然人所取得的独立性。法人相对于自然人的独立性是其内在自由的外显或"定在",法人权利能力的核心构造将围绕此种独立性而展开。

The relationship between individuals and the community is the core of the theory and system of civil subjects.Civil society leaves the positive relationship between individuals and the society to the autonomy of individuals,thus placing a higher demand on the individual rationality than any other societies in existence before the modern times.In this context,the concept of civil capacity for right,in place of personality,is used to construct the relationship between individuals and the society and bear the notion of the rationality of person.To conquer the structural obstacle of the uneven of the talented will of men,the concept of capacity for act is put forward to judge the concrete rationality of a natural person in concrete circumstances,thereby preserving the function of the concept of capacity for right to bear the abstract rationality.The probability of a man to play the role of an organization enables the organization to get its own freedom based on the will monopolized by men.While a natural person should always cultivate his object-oriented rationality in the legal transactions,what the legal person should cultivate is his independence relative to the natural person,which is the Dasein of its inner freedom.The core of the capacity for right of legal person should focus on such independence.