正当防卫中法益侵害急迫性的存立根据与司法认定

The Basic and Judicial Confirmation of the Urgency of Infringement of Legal Interests in Justified Defense

正当防卫制度是法治国家原则上禁止私力救济的例外,该制度本身应当具备"严进宽出"的刑事政策功能。从基本权国家保护义务论出发,防卫权的发动应同时满足不足禁止与过度禁止这两个原则的要求。在规范论上,法益侵害的急迫性为正当防卫作为强许可提供了排他性理由。法益侵害急迫性与防卫限度是事前判断与事后判断的关系,防卫限度被限制在法益侵害急迫性所可能实现的侵害结果的范围内。在法益侵害急迫性的判断上,我国《刑法》第20条第3款规定的无过当防卫设置了急迫性的最高程度,同时也是发动防卫权的最低底线,除此之外的事由是否足以发动作为排他性许可的防卫权,应以防卫人与侵害人之间的关系为核心,对法益侵害的急迫性进行事前判断。

Since justified defense system is an exception to the prohibition of private enforcement in the principles held by a country under the rule of law,the system itself should perform the criminal policy function of"strict entry and lenient exit".Starting from the theory of the state’s protection obligation of fundamental rights,the exercises of defense right should meet the requirements of the two principles of insufficient prohibition and excessive prohibition.From the perspective of normative theory,the urgency of the infringement of legal interests provides self-defense with the exclusive reason.The urgency of the infringement of legal interests and limit of defense are the relation between prejudgment and the judgment after the event.The limit of defense is within the scope of the possible results of the urgency of the infringement of legal interests.Regarding the judgment of the urgency of infringement of legal interests,the third paragraph of Article 20 of China’s Criminal Law sets the highest degree of the urgency of the excessive defense and the lowest baseline for exercising the right of defense.It should be based on the relationship between defender and infringer and the prejudgment of the urgency of the infringement of legal interests whether other factors are sufficient to exercise the right of defense as an exclusive reason.