大民法典的理念与蓝图

Designing a Civil Code of Greater Normative Capacity

大陆法系的民法典具有继往开来的特色,20世纪影响最大的德国民法典以其严谨体系在社经文化与意识形态的跨度上最具优势,新民法典接续此一传统之余,应思如何提高体系容量,以适应全球化经济与公私混合治理型态的需要。大民法典的构想源于德国民事财产法的债物两条腿明显呈现一盛一衰,后者的根本错误在于在以动态关系和静态归属的二分掩盖了两种交易选择的本质,并以物权法定与债权自由来加大其差异。大民法典开放所有契约的自由,并改从落实自治本身和维护自治内含界线的二分进行体系化,各自都包含了属人(债的关系)和属物(物的关系)的选项,再从两类规范中提取财产通则的公因式,上承不以财产为限的总则,下启不以身份为前提的意定和法定关系,乃至以身份为前提的财产关系。

The civil law tradition is marked by its succession and innovation in the production of codes.The most influential German BGB prevail with its"scientific"system on its span over different social-economic structures and cultural ideologies.This century-old system needs to be adapted to the global economy and mixed governance of public/private laws of today by immensely enlarging its normative capacity.This article argues that the most crucial point lies in the outdated Savignyian diffusion of law on obligation and law on property,with the latter governed by the numerus clausus principle.While sticking to the freedom of contract,regardless its nature,purely personal or through a thing,we propose a new system based on diffusion between contractual relationships and legal relationships of equitable nature.The common factors of the two groups could then be put in a general part of transaction.