法国文化遗产保护立法的沿革、特点及对中国的启示

The Legislative Evolution and Characteristics of French Cultural Heritage Protection as Well as Its Enlightenment to China

《遗产法典》是法国文化遗产法律保护的集大成者,是其立法由分散走向系统的标志。该法典保护范围广泛,确立了整体保护、普遍保护和不受时效约束等立法原则,设有详尽健全的预防考古、国家建筑师、基金会、征收、遗产分类和登记及咨询等制度,具有综合性、系统性、针对性等特点。目前,中国文化遗产保护立法取得了长足进步,但仍存在法律体系不太健全、立法层级不高、一些规定缺乏可操作性等问题。借鉴法国经验,我国文化遗产保护法治建设应从完善立法体系、加大税收优惠和奖励力度、加大处罚力度、完善预防考古制度、完善征收制度、加强人才培养、保障资金支持等方面予以改进。

The French Heritage Code is a codification of the legislation on the cultural heritage protection.The Code is a sign that France’s legislation is changing from decentralization to systematization.The Code covers a wide range of methods of protections.It establishes legislative principles and advanced concepts such as holistic protection,universal protection and imprescriptibility.In order to protect the cultural heritage,the Code adopts the systems regarding preventive archaeology,the Architect of French Buildings,foundation,expropriation,classification and registration process,consultation,etc.It is a comprehensive,systematic,holistic,practicable and pertinent code.However,the Code is not perfect.It has been criticized for its overbroad scope of protection,etc.At present,the legislation of China’s cultural heritage protection has made great progress,but there are still some problems such as imperfect legal system,low legislative level and lack of operability.Drawing on the legislative experience of French cultural heritage protection,the authors conclude that the legal system of China’s cultural heritage protection should be improved from the aspects of improving the legislative system,clarifying the reward and punishment regulations,strengthening personnel training,improving the expropriation system,guaranteeing financial support and implementing the preventive archaeological system.