基于人-车-土系统的撒肥机组能耗与一源多用潜力分析

Energy Consumption Analysis and Potential for One Source for Multi-purpose Uses of Fertilizer Spreading Units Based on“Human-Vehicle-Soil”System

针对“人-车-土”作业系统下重型撒肥机组油耗因素机制不清和农机单次作业期短、作业频次低导致的农机“电源撂荒”问题,分析“人-车-土”系统油耗结构方程模型互作机制并预测纯电动拖拉机电源“一源多用”模式对“生活-生态”的增益潜力。首先,开展重型拖拉机撒肥作业田间综合试验,采集驾驶员疲劳度、拖拉机燃油油耗、耕层土壤表征量等作业要素数据,建立驾驶员-拖拉机-耕层土壤的油耗结构方程模型;然后,基于结构方程因果关系探寻农机油耗因子间相关性;最后,基于油耗等值转换理论计算燃油农机等效需电量与碳排放量,预测纯电动拖拉机“一源多用”模式对生产生活电源互换共享与减排降碳的贡献潜力。结果表明:耕层土壤紧实度是拖拉机主要油耗影响因素;驾驶员操作疲劳对油耗具有间接影响,可通过操纵拖拉机间接影响耕层物理性质和拖拉机碳排放、作业效率。电动拖拉机电源“一源多用”对农网末端小型用电设施供电具有一定潜力,在机械化田间管理期,等效耗电量约为45 kW·h/hm^(2),减少碳排放12 kg/hm^(2)(CO_(2)),中小规模农场可减少农机碳排放约2464 t(CO_(2)),节约电9.24×10^(6) kW·h,并且其电源闲置时提供约110 t玉米烘干所需电力,或165台通风设备全天同时通风所需电力,或5500个路灯夜间照明的电能,或11个值班室全年的用电需求。

Aiming at the problem of unclear mechanism of fuel consumption factors of heavy-duty fertilizer spreader under‘human-vehicle-soil’operating system and the problem of‘power supply abandonment’caused by short single operation period and low frequency of operation cycle of agricultural machinery,the interaction mechanism of fuel consumption structural equation model of‘human-vehicle-soil’system was analyzed and the gain potential of‘one source for multi-purpose’mode of pure electric tractor power supply to‘life-ecology’was predicted.Firstly,a comprehensive field test of heavy-duty tractor spreading fertilizer operation was carried out,and the data of operation factors such as driver fatigue,tractor fuel consumption and plough layer soil characterization were collected,and the fuel consumption structural equation model of human-vehicle-soil layer was established.Then based on the causal relationship of structural equation,the correlation between agricultural machinery fuel consumption factors was explored.Finally,based on the equivalent conversion theory of fuel consumption,the equivalent power demand and carbon emissions of fuel agricultural machinery were calculated,and the contribution potential of the‘one source multi-purpose’mode of pure electric tractors to the exchange and sharing of production and living power sources and emission reduction and carbon reduction was predicted.The results showed that the soil compaction was the main fuel consumption factor of tractor.The driver's operating fatigue had an indirect effect on fuel consumption,which can indirectly affect the physical properties of the plough layer and the carbon emissions and operating efficiency of the tractor by manipulating the tractor.The electric tractor power supply‘one source multi-purpose’had certain potential for power supply to small power facilities at the end of the agricultural network.During the mechanized field management period,the equivalent power consumption was about 45 kW·h/hm^(2),reducing carbon emissions by 12 kg/hm^(2)(CO_(2)).Small and medium-sized farms can reduce the carbon emissions of agricultural machinery by about 2464 tons of CO_(2),saving 9.24×10^(6) kW·h electricity,and providing about 110 tons of electricity required for corn drying when the power supply was idle,or the power required for ventilation for 165 sets of ventilation equipment at the same time throughout the day,or 5500 street lights for night lighting,or the annual electricity demand for 11 duty rooms.