大田机械化移栽技术与装备研究进展

Advancement of Mechanized Transplanting Technology and Equipments for Field Crops

中国地域面积广阔,作物种类繁多,育苗移栽对作物抗御干旱、寒冷、病虫害,缩短田间生长期,提高单位面积产量,发展高产、高效农业具有重要意义。机械化移栽是作物机械化生产中的关键技术环节,其技术反映了农业生产机械化和现代化的发展水平。为此,本文综述了国内外大田机械化移栽技术与装备的研究现状及发展动态,分析总结了国内外具有代表性的移栽机自动取植苗装置的结构和类型,阐述了各类移栽技术与机构的工作原理和结构特征。移栽机构的创新是移栽装备创新的源泉,而机械式移栽机构创新的核心是机构综合,并介绍了移栽机构构型与尺度综合方法的研究现状。最后,分析了中国机械化移栽技术与装备发展中存在的问题,提出了未来发展建议,指出高效、精准、低损取植苗技术与机构是水旱田自动移栽作业的重要保障,高效化、信息化、智能化全自动移栽技术与装备是今后机械化移栽技术发展的重要方向。

China has a large geographical area and a diverse agricultural variety.To withstand drought,cold,diseases,and pests,reduce field crop growing period,boost yield per unit area,and develop high-yield and effective agriculture,seedling growing and transplanting are crucial.Mechanized transplanting is a key technical link in crop mechanized production.Its technology does reflect the level of mechanization and modernization of agricultural production.That being so,the current state of research and development of mechanized transplanting technology and equipments for field crops in China and abroad was summarised,the structures and types of automatic seedling picking and planting equipments used in transplanters in China and abroad were analysed and summarised,and the working principle and structural features of diverse transplanting technologies and mechanisms were explained.The cornerstone of transplanting equipment innovation was transplanting mechanism innovation,and mechanism synthesis lied at the heart of mechanical transplanting mechanism innovation.The current state of transplanting mechanism configuration research and the dimension synthesis approach were discussed.Finally,the issues that risen in China’s development of mechanized transplanting technology and equipments were examined,and suggestions for future development were made.It was stated that efficient,precise,and reduced failure of seedling picking and planting technologies and mechanisms were important indications for automatic transplanting in paddy and dry fields,and that efficient automatic transplanting technologies and equipments based on information and intelligent technologies were an important direction for the future development of mechanized transplanting technology.