社会达尔文主义在美国排华思潮中的悖论

Paradox of Social Darwinism in the American Ideological Trend of Chinese Exclusion

19世纪最后30年及20世纪初,社会达尔文主义在美国社会产生了广泛的影响。社会达尔文主义在19世纪晚期美国排华浪潮中已经从经济﹑政治﹑宗教﹑社会文化的层面深入生物学的层面。胚胎理论、疾病细菌理论的盛行和社会达尔文主义有直接关系。这些理论从基因上抨击中国人的劣根性和不可同化性。而另一方面,当在美国勤劳能干的中国劳工给白人劳工就业造成威胁时,美国社会不得不寻找借口,并将这种现象称为“扭曲的社会达尔文主义”。社会达尔文主义悖论的背后,反映的是美国虚伪的本质和内心深处对中国人的惧怕心理。在当前全球范围内新冠肺炎疫情仍在蔓延的背景下,美国对中国的污名化与一百多年前美国将社会达尔文主义用于排华思潮如出一辙。

In the late 19and early 20century,social Darwinism had important influence on all aspects of American society.By summarizing the embodiment and application of social Darwinism in the American thought of Chinese exclusion in the late 19century,the author put forward that the American thought of Chinese exclusion had developed into the biological aspect from the economic,political and other aspects.And,when Chinese labor out-competed white labor,to find and excuse,it was referred as a phenomenon of“distorted social Darwinism”.The paradox of social Darwinian reflected the American hypocritical nature and its deep fear of Chinese.