批判与还原:马克思关于私有财产的规范性基础解析

Criticism and Revelation: Analysis of Marx’s Normative Foundation of Private Property

马克思对私有财产的批判旨在还原合理占有财产的规范性意蕴。马克思对黑格尔法哲学的批判中不仅阐明财产占有是一种不可解释的事实,而且提出财产权不过是统治阶级利益的意志代表,从而推翻了西方哲学关于私有财产的规范性内容。在理论层面,马克思进一步对国民经济学从物与物的关系、蒲鲁东从人与物的关系规定财产占有的不足予以批判,最终立足历史唯物主义从人与人的关系出发把握财产占有的规范性基础。在现实层面,马克思围绕资本主义私有财产的内在矛盾,从它造成人的需要的二重化、劳动异己化及资本人格化对财产占有的不合理提出批判。批判的终点在于重新回答财产占有的规范性基础。共产主义作为私有财产的积极扬弃将重建个人所有制,实现对人本质的真正占有,既肯定人对财产的事实性占有,同时提出按照合乎人性的原则确立财产占有的限度。

Marx’s criticism of private property aims to reveal the normative implication of reasonable possession of property.In his criticism of Hegel’s philosophy of law,Marx not only clarified that the possession of property is an inexplicable fact,but also put forward that the property right is only the will representative of the interests of the ruling class,thus overturning the normative content of western philosophy on private property.On the theoretical level,Marx further criticized the deficiencies of the regulation of property possession by national economics from the relationship between things and things,and by Proudon from the relationship between people and things,and finally grasped the normative basis of property possession from the relationship between people based on historical materialism.In reality,Marx criticized the unreasonable possession of property by focusing on the inherent contradiction of capitalist private property,which causes the double of human needs,labor foreignization and capital personification.The aim of criticism is to re-answer the normative basis of property possession.Communism negating private property will rebuild individual ownership and realize the real possession of human nature.It not only affirms the actual possession of property,but also puts forward the limit of property possession according to the principle of human nature.