近代以来日本的文明论与国家走向——文明论视域下的“东洋”与“西洋”

Civilization Theory and the Trend of Japan since the Modern Times

文明论是近代以来日本衡量东西优劣,判定自身在世界文明序列中所处位置的重要依据。它划分为"西洋文明论""东洋文明论"和"东西文明调和论"三种类别。明治维新期间,全面学习西洋已然成为共识,在"文明开化"的倡导下,西洋文明论为人们所推崇。甲午战争后随着日本的亚洲主义思潮兴起,"东洋文明论"逐渐为人所接受。20世纪开始,东西文明调和论横空出世,并成为日本争取国际地位、攫取亚洲利益的法宝。战后,在美国民主化改革的推动下,西洋文明论则以"拥抱战败"的姿态重新活跃起来,成为重塑意识形态的工具。近现代日本文明论的多重性,反映了其在亚欧身份定位上的两难处境。本文力图分析近代以来日本文明论的发展轨迹及其相互间的逻辑关联,为理解日本在明治维新、日俄战争及战后的自我国际定位提供新的视角。

Since modern times,civilization theory was an important basis for Japan to measure the merits of eastern and western civilizations as well as its position in the world civilization sequence.Civilization theory in Japan can be divided into "Western Civilization Theory", "Japanese Civilization Theory" and "Japan—west Cultural Conciliation Theory". During the period of the Meiji Restoration,a comprehensive study of the west has become a nationwide consensus.In the course of Fukuzawa Yukichi’s advocating of "civilization",the western civilization theory was highly praised by the public.However,in the 20 th century when the national crisis of Japan eliminated,national strength increased and the thought of Asianism surged,the Japanese civilization theory began to be accepted by the masses.The Yellow Peril prevailed after the Russo—Japanese War,thus the Japan—west cultural conciliation theory became a magic weapon for Japan to strive for international status and Asian interests.After World War Ⅱ,driven by the democratic reform by the United States,the western civilization theory came alive again with an attitude of "Embracing Defeat" and became a tool to reshape the national ideology.The multiplicity of civilization theory since modern times reflected Japan’s dilemma in the orientation of Asia—Europe identity.This paper tries to analyze the development path of civilization theory since the Meiji Restoration and its logical relationship,to provide a new perspective for understanding Japan’s positioning before and after the Meiji Restoration,Russo—Japanese War,and World War Ⅱ,as well as the understanding of east—west civilization.