马克思主义视域中的知识生产及其当代价值

Knowledge Production and Its Contemporary Value from the Perspective of Marxism

知识生产贯穿整部人类发展史,在历史发展的不同阶段都是推动社会政治、经济、文化等诸多领域前进的重要力量。知识进步的动力不完全在“知识”本身,而是在“知识生产”的历史逻辑上。马克思对于“生产力”的抽象揭示了知识生产驱动历史发展的一般规律。随着社会化生产愈发依赖机械化系统性生产,知识生产也愈发表现为社会的一般智力生产,知识生产在资本主义生产中的特殊性亟待解释。马克思的政治经济学批判内在地完成了“抽象劳动”科学方法论的第二重和第三重抽象,从而丰富了我们对知识生产的再认识。国外马克思主义学者以知识生产为研究对象,分析知识生产的资本化过程以及知识生产中的剩余价值问题,批判矛头直指马克思的劳动价值论。马克思固然未能看到资本主义生产的当代进展,但不能据此就认为马克思的劳动价值论过时了,乃至从客观的基于生产的历史解放逻辑滑落到主观的基于主体能动性的智力解放逻辑。当代对于劳动价值论的重审既不能全盘否定,也不能局限于具体结论,而是要从知识生产的新情况切入到生产与再生产的维度中,从总体上把握和推进马克思的劳动价值论。

Knowledge production runs through the whole history of human development and is an important force to promote the advancement of social politics,economy,culture and other fields at different stages of historical development.The motive force of knowledge progress is not entirely in“knowledge”itself,but in the historical logic of“knowledge production”.From the perspective of Marx’s historical materialism,through the abstraction of“productive forces”,based on real production and life rather than consciousness,the general historical laws of knowledge production driven development can be revealed.When socialized production increasingly relies on mechanized systematic production,knowledge production is increasingly manifested as the production of general social intelligence,and the particularity of knowledge production in capitalist production needs to be explained.In this case,we cannot ignore Marx’s critique of political economics,because it inherently completes the second and third abstractions of the scientific methodology of“abstract labor”,thus enriching our re understanding of knowledge production.Foreign Marxist scholars take knowledge production as the object of study,analyze the capitalization process of knowledge production and the problem of surplus value in knowledge production,and direct their criticism at Marx’s labor theory of value.While Marx certainly failed to see the contemporary progress of capitalist production,we cannot assume that Marx’s labor theory of value is outdated on this basis,or even that it has slipped from the objective logic of historical emancipation based on production to the subjective logic of intellectual emancipation based on the subject’s motivation.The contemporary re-examination of the labor theory of value should neither be rejected in its entirety nor limited to specific conclusions,but should cut from the new situation of knowledge production to the dimension of production and reproduction,and grasp and advance Marx’s labor theory of value from a general perspective.