政教与俗教:儒家士人德教的精英传统与世俗传统

Political Indoctrination and Secular Enlightenment: The Elite Tradition and Secular Tradition of Confucian Scholar Morality

儒家士人德教是一个试图贯通"政教"与"俗教"的精神传统。"政教"是儒家面向为政者实施的针对高层的"得君行道"的"上达"精英传统,就是将修身成德与为政以德紧密结合起来,要求为政者以符合道义的方式参与治国理政;"俗教"则是面向一般民众实施的针对庶民群体的"觉民行道"的"下行"世俗传统,就是儒家士人身体力行地将儒家伦理道德价值观念进行世俗化推广、普及和传播,以潜移默化地实现移风易俗的教化传统。儒家士人德教呈现出"异向同质"的双向道德主体间性的教化模式,即以儒家士人为中心展开的向上劝导为政者"内圣而外王"以推行善政和向下激发民众道德主体性以"一道德,同风俗"的双向教化模式,其本质均诉诸于行为主体发掘自身善性以成就德性来达到教化目的。但儒家士人德教本质上还是一种充满理想主义色彩的心灵德教,具体道德实践效果并非像儒家预想的那般理想,容易导致伦理关系被固化为纲常名教、道德教化沦为空洞摆设、仁义道德被假借以谋取私利等问题,这些显然应该值得深刻反思。

Confucian Scholars’moral cultivation is a spiritual tradition that tries to connect"Political Cultivation"and"Demos Cultivation"."Political Cultivation"is an elite tradition for politicians.It combines moral cultivation with political participation,and requires politicians to govern the country in a moral way."Demos Cultivation"is a civilian tradition for the people,which means Confucian scholars popularize Confucian moral values and change the customs of a place.Confucian scholars moral cultivation present a"differential homogeneity"two-way moral intersubjectivity mode of cultivation,namely a dual-mode of cultivation centered on the Confucian scholars,which can upwards persuade the politicians of"saint inside and king outside"to practice the good governance and downwards inspire demos’moral subjectivity to"unify the morality and the customs",essentially,it depends on actant’s discovering of own goodness,thereby gaining virtue and civilizing others.But the moral education of Confucian scholars is fundamentally an idealistic spiritual way.The specific moral practice effect is not as ideal as the Confucian expectation.It is easy to cause the ethical relationship to be solidified into moral obligations and preachings,moral education has become an empty display,moral character are used for personal gain.These obviously deserve deep reflection.