道德理由是压倒性的吗?

Is Moral Reason Overriding?

道德理由的压倒性是指当与审慎理由产生对立时,道德理由总是在理由的权衡中胜出的一方。虽然道德理由对各方当事人采取中立视角,而审慎理由主要关注行为人自身的行动需要,但是它们所确证的道德合理性和审慎合理性之间存在共同基础,这使得人们可以在一般意义上评价行为的合理性。当道德理由与个人利益对立的时候,前者也并非总是压倒性的,因为道德理由的严格程度和个人利益的具体特征都会对其权重构成影响。对于个人而言,道德理由的权重有多大,道德理由何时能够成为压倒性理由,则主要取决于社会共同体的接受程度。接受道德理由的压倒性有时将会产生导致自我牺牲的分外行为,但是在损失个人利益的同时,行为人也会获得"幸福"。不过,"幸福"的获得既不能否认当事人的行为是出于道德理由,也不能否认这是一种需要自我牺牲的分外行为。

The overridingness of moral reason is that when there is a conflict with a prudent reason,the moral reason always wins the balance of the reason.Although moral reasons have an impartial perspective on the parties and prudent reasons focus on the needs of the agents themselves,there is a common basis between moral rationality and prudent rationality,which allows people to evaluate the rationality of actions in common sense.When moral reasons are opposed to personal interests,the former is not always overriding,because the stringency of moral reasons and the characteristics of personal interests will affect their weight.How weighty moral reasons are and when moral reasons can become overriding reasons for individuals depend on the acceptance of social communities.The acceptance of moral reasons will sometimes lead to supererogatory that leads to self-sacrifice,but at the same time,with the loss of self-interests,the agents will also get"happiness".However,the emergence of"happiness"cannot deny that the agents act for moral reasons,nor can it deny that it is a special act that requires self-sacrifice.