德国长期护理保险制度:演化历程、总体成效及其启示

The Long-Term Care Insurance System in Germany:Evolution,Overall Effectiveness,and Implication

德国于1995年开始实施《长期护理保险法》。自2008年始,德国对长期护理保险制度进行多次改革。德国长期护理保险制度改革主要从给付资格、给付内容和给付水平、筹资制度以及护理服务质量监管等方面展开,总体成效良好,确保了人人平等的福利权利的实现,减少了对地方政府社会救助的依赖,保持了护理基金的财政平衡,促进了护理产业的发展。德国经验对于我国建立长期护理保险制度有重要启示意义,其中关键是要建立科学的护理需求性评估办法,促进非正式护理的发展,建立独立的筹资体系,促进护理服务业的发展。

The Long-Term Care Insurance Act was implemented in 1995 in Germany.Since2008,Germany has carried out several reforms to the long-term care insurance system.The reforms are mainly carried out in terms of payment eligibility,payment content and level,funding system,and quality supervision of nursing services.The overall effectiveness is good,ensuring the realization of equal welfare rights for everyone,and reducing the social assistance from local governments.The financial balance of the care fund has been maintained and the development of the care industry has been promoted.The German experience has important implications for the establishment of a longterm care insurance system in China.The keys are to establish a scientific nursing needs assessment method,promote the development of informal nursing,establish an independent funding system,and promote the development of the nursing service industry.