公安机关采集个人信息的合宪性控制

Constitutional Control of Collecting Personal Information by Public Security Organization

警务工作的复杂性和多样性与日俱增,公安机关采集个人信息的方式和类型也不断扩展。传统的个人信息保护制度研究以及个人信息保护立法的预设范式,均诉诸"赋权论"视角下的信息主体自我控制模式,但是这一模式既无法应对风险社会的挑战,也增加了公安机关采集个人信息的制度成本和法律风险。因而有必要将公安机关采集个人信息的相关研究回溯至宪法,发掘个人信息的价值内涵和个人信息保护的规范基础,对传统警察任务和风险预防任务下公安机关采集个人信息的制度规范进行梳理与合宪性分析,对规范层面和实践层面的问题进行体系性回应。在制度设计上,公安机关采集个人信息的规范体系应当以公民敏感信息和公民一般信息的区分为基础,贯彻法律优位、法律保留、比例原则等公法学基本原理,走"分类采集、分级授权"的法治路径。

With the increasing complexity and diversity of police job,the ways and types of personal information collection by public security organizations are expanding.The traditional research on personal information protection and preset regulation in the personal information protection law resort to the self-control mode by information subject named as“empowerment theory”,which cannot meet the challenges of the risky society,meanwhile increase the system cost and legal risks of public security organizations in collecting personal information.Therefore,it is necessary to trace back the relevant research on personal information collection to the constitution in order to dig out the connotation of personal information and the basis for personal information protection and to sort out and analyze the constitution of the personal information collection system by traditional public security organizations and to response to various problems from regulation and practice level.In the term of system design,public security organizations should base on distinguishing sensitive information from general information of citizens in the normative terms on personal information collection,implement the basic principles of public law such as the primacy of law,legal reservation and the principles of proportionality,and follow the legal path of“classified collection and graded authorization”.