精英身份与农民创业:趋名还是逐利?

Elite Background and Rural Entrepreneurship: Fame or Fortune?

农村精英群体因具有独特的优异特质和能力素养成为农村创业的主力军,但是农村精英能否通过创业实现"名利双收"?学术界尚无定论。文章利用上海财经大学"千村调查"的数据得到以下研究结论:(1)农村精英的创业并非纯粹的"逐利"行为,而是追随内在的"趋名"导向,农村精英创业主要是为了实现家庭社会地位的提高、村落人缘水平的改善、村落话语权的增加等非经济目标,这种"趋名"导向使得创业者配置于经济目标的注意力资源相对不足,进而制约了其"逐利"目标的实现。(2)随着家庭经济资本的增加,农村创业者的精英身份对经济目标的注意力配置不足问题将得到有效缓解,即丰裕的家庭经济资本将弱化精英身份对实现经济目标的制约效应;同时,家庭经济资本的增加将进一步强化精英身份对非经济目标的提升作用。(3)随着外部制度环境的完善,精英身份对农民创业经济目标的注意力配置不足问题将得到有效缓解,即完善的外部制度环境将弱化精英身份对实现经济目标的制约效应;同时,外部制度环境的完善将强化农村精英群体对非经济目标的追求。本文基于创业动机理论与注意力基础观分析了精英身份在农民创业过程中的经济效应与非经济效应,探讨了农村精英群体在"趋名"与"逐利"之间的权衡与取舍,并将家庭经济资本与外部制度环境纳入研究框架,构建了一个较为系统的农民创业模型,丰富了农民创业理论的研究范畴。

Rural elites have become the main force of rural entrepreneurship due to their outstanding capability and unique social relations.While could rural elite achieve both"fame"and"fortune"through entrepreneurship?Few scholars pay attention on this issue.Based on the data from"Thousand Village Surveys in China"conducted by Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,this paper obtains the follow ing conclusions:Firstly,the entrepreneurial motivation of rural elite is not purely"fortune-seeking",but"fame-seeking",that is,the main purpose of rural elite entrepreneurship is to realize non-economic goals such as improving family social status,reputation and authority.The focus on"fame"makes rural elite entrepreneurs pay insufficient attention to the economic target,thus hinder the grow th of firm performance.Secondly,w ith the increase of family economic capital,the constrain effect due to lack of attention allocation to the economic goals w ill be effectively alleviated;meanw hile,family economic capital w ill further strengthen the promoting effect of elite status on non-economic goals.Thirdly,w ith the amelioration of external institutional environment,the constrain effect due to lack of attention allocation to the economic goals w ill be effectively alleviated;and the improvement of external institutional environment w ill further strengthen the role of elite identity in promoting non-economic goals.Based on the theory of entrepreneurial motivation and attention-based view,this paper constructs a rural entrepreneurial model based on entrepreneurial elite traits,analyzes the impact of farmers’elite background on both economic and non-economic goal,and integrates family economic capital and external institutional environment into the framew ork.Besides,this paper discusses the trade-off betw een rural elites’motivations for"fame"and"fortune",w hich further enriching the research framew ork of entrepreneurial theory.