日本平安宫朝仪正殿的“名”“物”差异及其形成原因

A Study of the Diff erence between“Name”and“Object”of the Main Hall in the Heian(平安)Palace of Japan

古代朝仪空间是国家政务核心空间,亦是重大典礼的举行场所。日本有“千年古都”之称的平安京仿唐长安等中国都城而建,其朝仪空间深受中国影响。但平安宫朝仪空间的正殿大极殿却并非直接承继唐长安的朝仪正殿,而是在名称上采唐长安太极宫太极殿的“太极”之名,在建筑形制上用唐长安大明宫含元殿的“含元”构造。本文通过“名”与“物”的比对,分析了日本平安宫朝仪正殿的“名”“物”差异,由此可知日本对中国文化承继的历史性差异。平安以前的日本对中国文化已经形成高度认同,这种认同支撑“大极”之名在律令时代后成为朝仪正殿之名。另一方面,8世纪时期遣唐使在长安直面的含元殿,其建筑形制成为了当时日本朝仪正殿营造过程中的仿照对象。“大极”之名的使用,有日本自身的历史传承作用影响,而“含元”之制的建构,是彼时唐大明宫对东亚地区宫城影响的结果。

The ancient ceremonial space was the core space of national government aff airs and also the venue for major ceremonies.Heian-kyō(平安京),known as“the ancient capital of a thousand years”in Japan,was built in imitation of Chang’an of the Tang Dynasty and other Chinese capitals,and its imperial space was deeply influenced by China.However,Daji(大极)Hall,the main hall of the chaoyi(朝仪)space in Heian Palace,is not directly inherited from the chaoyi main hall of Tang Chang’an,but takes the name of“Taiji”(太极)from Hall of the Supreme Principle of Tang Chang’an Taiji Palace,and uses the“Hanyuan”(含元)structure of Hanyuan Hall of Tang Chang’an Daming Palace in architectural form.Through the comparison of“name”and“object”,it is clear that the difference between“name”and“object”in the main hall of the chaoyi hall of Heian Palace in Japan is a manifestation of the historical difference in Japan’s inheritance of Chinese culture.Before the Heian era,Japan had already formed a high degree of identifi cation with Chinese culture,which supported the name of“Daji”to become the name of the main hall of the court after the era of laws and regulations.On the other hand,the Hanyuan Hall,which was directly faced by the Japanese missions to Tang China in Chang’an in the eighth century,became the imitation object of the construction of the main hall of Japanese imperial rites at that time.The use of the name“Daji”was infl uenced by Japan’s own historical inheritance,and the construction of the“Hanyuan”system was the result of the infl uence of the Daming Palace of the Tang Dynasty on the palace cities in East Asia.